Advances in Research

Conventional models of innovation conceptualized technological change as a linear process driven primarily by scientific research. While this approach contributed to major agricultural advances, it has proven insufficient in addressing persistent low adoption rates of agricultural technologies in developing countries. The Agricultural Innovation Systems (AIS) framework emerged as an alternative paradigm, emphasizing multi-actor interaction, institutional learning, and context-specific knowledge generation. This study employs a conceptual and qualitative research design, synthesizing theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence to examine AIS applications in developing countries. To provide analytical depth, a comparative case approach is adopted. Drawing on foundational literature and recent empirical studies, including sustainability-oriented and digital agricultural innovations, the paper evaluates the relevance, applicability, and challenges of AIS. The study concludes that AIS provides a context-sensitive and inclusive framework capable of integrating indigenous knowledge, strengthening institutional coordination, and enhancing both economic and social outcomes, though successful implementation depends on the capacity of actors, coordination, and resource mobilization. This study recommends the strengthening of multi-stakeholder platforms through systematic capacity building and adequate resource allocation.