On a Class of Universal Probability Spaces: Case of Complex Fields
Mahkame Megan Khoshyaran *
Economics Traffic Clinic (ETC), 34 Avenue des champs Elys´ees, 75008 Paris, France
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to extend the Universal Probability Space (UPS) in [1] to include
complex events. The UPS consists of Borel sets, elements of which are tensors. It is shown that
the UPS has a defined metric and this metric is in fact the probability measure (P). The metric as a
probability measure is proven to exist for any tensor event (x ∈ Rd) in the space of all tensor fields,
(Rd). In this paper it is shown that for any complex event, (x ∈ Cd) in a space of all complex tensor
fields, (Cd), a probability measure (P) in the form of a metric exists. To this effect several theorems
are introduced and proven, mainly by modifying concepts introduced in [2], [3], [4], [5], to include
complex fields. Finally following [6], [7], [8], a case is demonstrated in order to compare probability
as a metric for complex events with classical probability. The objective of the case study is to show
that metric probability is a more realistic measure than classical probability for complex events.
Keywords: Universal Probability Space, Borel tensor sets, Borel tensor field, complete tensor space, metric, probability measures